Material |
Embodied energy |
|
(MJ/kg) |
(kWh/kg) |
kiln-dried sawn softwood |
3.4 |
0.94 |
kiln-dried sawn hardwood |
2.0 |
0.56 |
air dried sawn hardwood |
0.5 |
0.14 |
hardboard |
24.2 |
6.7 |
particleboard |
8.0 |
2.2 |
MDF |
11.3 |
3.1 |
plywood |
10.4 |
2.9 |
glue-laminated timber |
11 |
3.0 |
laminated veneer lumber |
11 |
3.0 |
straw |
0.24 |
0.07 |
stabilised earth |
0.7 |
0.19 |
imported dimension granite |
13.9 |
3.9 |
local dimension granite |
5.9 |
1.6 |
gypsum plaster |
2.9 |
0.8 |
plasterboard |
4.4 |
1.2 |
fibre cement |
4.8 |
1.3 |
cement |
5.6 |
1.6 |
in situ concrete |
1.9 |
0.53 |
precast steam-cured concrete |
2.0 |
0.56 |
precast tilt-up concrete |
1.9 |
0.53 |
clay bricks |
2.5 |
0.69 |
concrete blocks |
1.5 |
0.42 |
autoclaved aerated concrete |
3.6 |
1.0 |
plastics – general |
90 |
25 |
PVC |
80 |
22 |
synthetic rubber |
110 |
30 |
acrylic paint |
61.5 |
17 |
glass |
12.7 |
3.5 |
fibreglass (glasswool) |
28 |
7.8 |
aluminium |
170 |
47 |
copper |
100 |
28 |
galvanised steel |
38 |
10.6 |
stainless steel |
51.5 |
14.3 |